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Abstract

Objectives: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) seasonal variations among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) have been widely studied; however, findings remain inconsistent. Although several studies reported a higher incidence during colder months, others showed no consistent patterns. This study investigated whether DKA frequency and severity vary across seasons, particularly in humid cities. Methods: This retrospective cohort analyzed children and adolescents with T1DM admitted to a tertiary hospital with DKA (2015–2025). Data included demographics, seasonal admission trends, clinical severity, and outcomes. Statistical analyses involved the Chi-square and ANOVA tests. Results: A total of 369 DKA cases were analyzed, with mean age of 14.7 years and 62.6% were females. Most had established T1DM (88.6% with prior DKA episodes). Severe cases showed significantly higher heart rates, lower GCS scores (p < 0.001), higher HbA1c levels (p = 0.001), longer hospital (p = 0.007) and ICU (p = 0.003) stays. Diastolic blood pressure also correlated with severity (p = 0.036). Although DKA severity showed no significance seasonal association (p = 0.865), winter peak was observed, suggesting confounding factors or bias in seasonal patterns. Conclusions: The DKA admission peaked in winter, particularly in December; however, this trend was not clinically significant. Confounding factors, including infection or delayed care, may explain this variation. The findings emphasize focusing on modifiable patient factors, including year-round glycemic control, education, and timely interventions, to reduce DKA recurrence.

Article Type

Original Study

First Page

1366

Last Page

1375

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